Preventive conservation of stone historical objects

Introduction (W. Domasłowski); The resistance of rocks to the action of destructive agents and symptoms of deterioration (W. Domasłowski): * Igneous rocks * Sedimentary rocks - sandstones * Sedimentary rocks - limstones and marbles; Causes of stone deterioration (W. Domasłowski): The action of water * The action of atmospherical gases and pollution * The action of water-soluble-salts * Effect of temperature changes * The action of mechanical agents; Biological factors (S. Leźnicka): The role of autotrophic microorganisms in stone deterioration * Algae, blue-green algae and lichens * Chemolithotrophic bacteria * Sulphuric bacteria and reducing sulphuric compounds * Nitrifying bacteria * Higher plants on stone historical objects * The role of heterotrophic organisms in deterioration of stone objects * Moulds * Heterotrophic bacteria; Patina - the mechanism of formation and properties (W. Domasłowski); Pre-investigation of stone historical objects (M. Rudy): Evaluation of the state of preservation * Petrographic investigation of stone * Investigation of deposits (M. Kęsy-Lewandowska) * Investigation of paint layers * Investigation of water-soluble-salts (S. Skibiński) * Sampling of salt-contaminated stone * Salt extraction from stone * Evaluation of salt percentage in stone * By weight * By conductometry * Investigation of microorganisms * Evaluation of moisture content * Investigation of mortars and artificial stone * Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties of stone * Capillary properties of stone * Examination with a measuring pipe * Examination of the rate of capillary liquid suction * Drying capacity * Specific and apparent density of stone * Water absorption capacity of stone * Mechanical strength of stone * Non-destructive methods of investigation of stone historical objects (E. Derkowska-Rybicka) * Mechanical methods * Acoustic methods * Electromagnetic methods * Nuclear methods; 6. The methods for preventive conservation of stone monuments: The introductory steps of conservation (J. W. Łukaszewicz) * The preservation of polychromy (M. Rudy) * Removal of surface deposit (W. Domasłowski, D. Kwiatkowski) * The mechanical removal of deposits * Hammering of stones * Abrasion of deposits * The deposit removal by means of brushes * Sandblasting for deposit removal * Deposit removal by heating * Deposit removal by self-peeling * Deposit removal by means of ultrasounds * Some physico-chemical and chemical methods for deposit removal * Deposit removal by means of organic solvents * Deposit removal by means of water * Deposit removal by means of steam * Deposit removal by means of water solution of salts * Deposit removal by means of alkalies * Deposit removal by means of acids * Removal of oil over-paintings * Oil over-paintings removal by means of organic solvents * Oil over-paintings removal by saponification * Desalination of stones (J. Krause, B. Soldenhoff) * Some problems related to the desalination of stone monuments * Desalination compresses * The methods for desalination of monuments * Desalination by migration of salts to the open environment * The method of free migration of salts to the open environment * The forced migration of salts to the open environment * Desalination under the column of water * Desalination under vacuum * Desalination by diffusion of salts * Desalination in a static bath * Desalination in a dynamic bath * Desalination by means of constant electric field (S. Skibiński) * The methods for limitation of salts crystallization (W. Domasłowski) * Transformation of sulphates into insoluble salts * Limitation of free crystallization and migration of salts * The destruction of living organisms (A. Strzelczyk) * Dehydration treatments inhibiting the growth of microorganisms * Chemical treatments * Destruction of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae and lichens) * The removal of fungi originated stains from stone monuments * Protection against water (D. Sobkowiak) * Drying and stabilization of the ground * Horizontal drainage * Vertical drainage * Electrodrainage * Cebertisation * Prevention the capillary rising of water in stone monuments * Horizontal and vertical insulation * Electroosmotic insulation * Insulation based on chemical methods * Introduction of substances blocking water capillary rising * Materials for anti-capillary barriers * The methods of monument protection against moistening * Drying by the Knappen method * Pointing with porous mortars * Drying of stone above insulation * The hydrophobisation of stone (W. Domasłowski, O. Kazanecka) * Surface phenomena * Surface tension of liquid * Wetting of solids by liquids * Terminal contact angle * Capillary rising of liquids * Some properties of water-repellent substances * Soaps * Waxes * Natural waxes * Synthetic waxes * Synthetic resins * Organo-silicon compounds - silicones (J. W. Łukaszewicz) * Basic oragnosilicon compounds * Chemical transformation of silanes * Hardening of organo-silicon compounds * Water-repellent properties of silicon layers * The methods of hydrophobisation by means of silicones * Commercially available products for stone conservation * The practical use of water-repellent substances for protection of monuments * The protection of stones against atmospheric gases (W. Domasłowski); Bibliography